Indian Strategic Studies: 04/10/25

10 April 2025

Public Survey | Technopolitik: How Should India Navigate Technology Geopolitics?

Avinash Shet & Lokendra Sharma

Introduction

Rapid technological changes in the last few years have added a twist to geopolitics defined by great power rivalry between the US and China. This rivalry increasingly spills into the AI domain. On the one hand, the US is impeding Chinese progress by resorting to export restrictions for AI hardware and software.[1] Chinese companies such as DeepSeek and Tencent, on the other hand, are challenging the very basis of US dominance by open-sourcing their AI models. In the space domain, the US and China have been embroiled in an intense race that spans satellite internet, space stations, Moon and Mars.[2]

Contemporary technology geopolitics not only involves great powers attempting to outpace the other in various technology domains — from AI to biotech and from aerospace to quantum — but also touches the very fabric of global supply chains. Following Israel’s pager attack in Lebanon and the US proposing rules to ban Chinese connected car technology in September 2024,[3] there has been a shift in how global supply chains are conceptualised and operationalised.[4] Concerns around supply chain security were suddenly heightened, with researchers, traders, and policymakers all struggling to frame a response to it.

Technology geopolitics and supply chain security concerns not only affect great powers but also alter the calculations of rising and aspirational developing countries such as India. The question animating Indian policymakers is how India should navigate high-tech geopolitics and secure its supply chains in a way that is in the country’s interests.

The Future of India-US Trade: India’s Strategic Choices Against Trump’s Trade Pressures

Shikha Tomar , Anupam Manur & Anisree Suresh

India-US Trade Fact Sheet

India and Australia signed an early harvest Free Trade Agreement in April 2023 to open new markets for exporters and service suppliers from both countries. The Australia-India Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA) is considered one of the critical pre-Free Trade Agreements signed between two key markets in the Indo-Pacific region with strong economic complementarities. The ECTA provides competitive tariff elimination and tariff reduction on a wide range of goods and services for both countries. It is expected to improve the economic integration of both countries and supply chain resiliency in the Indo-Pacific region.

The India-US relationship has strengthened, especially in the last three decades, due to increased cooperation in strategic sectors such as defence and technology, shared interests in economic prosperity and strategic convergences (with occasional divergences) in geopolitical affairs. Washington and New Delhi have built a relatively consistent relationship despite leadership changes on both sides. The relationship is conventionally founded on pillars such as shared democratic values (because of which the US identifies India as a ‘natural ally’), cooperation against China and joint contributions to global economic growth.1 However, their trade relations can be characterised by a trend of progression punctuated by points of contention, notably pertaining to tariffs.

The US is India’s largest trading partner, and India is ranked the 10th largest trade partner of the US, with Mexico, Canada, and China among the top 5 (refer to Table 1). The US is the only trading partner (among the top 10) with which India has a trade surplus.

Pakistan’s Counterterrorism Efforts Could Ignite Wider Conflict in the Region

Matthew Stein

Pakistan continues to be at odds with the Taliban government in Afghanistan for allowing the Pakistani Taliban safe haven to carry out attacks across the border into Pakistan. On 25 December 2024, Pakistan carried out an airstrike in the Paktika Province, Afghanistan, against members of the Tehreek-e-Taliban-e-Pakistan, also known as the Pakistani Taliban, resulting in 46 people killed, including civilians. The airstrike was in response to a cross-border attack in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, by the Pakistani Taliban that killed 16 members of Pakistan’s security forces a few days prior.[i] Additional clashes between the Afghan Taliban and Pakistani forces have taken place since the airstrike.

The accompanying excerpted article from Pakistan’s English-language newspaper Dawn reports on a December 2024 press conference given by Lieutenant General Ahmed Sharif Chaudhry, the Director General of the Inter-Services Public Relations of Pakistan’s Armed Forces and provides context to Pakistan’s efforts to deal with terrorism. General Chaudhry acknowledged the dispute surrounding the Pakistani Taliban safe haven and asserted that “Pakistan will leave no stone unturned to eliminate the terrorist networks and keep our citizens safe.” General Chaudry also referenced Operation Azm-i-Istehkam, launched in June 2024, in which Pakistan’s Defense Minister Khawaja Muhammad Asif emphasized that Pakistan could strike targets in Afghanistan.[ii] Chaudhry also mentioned the high number of operations against terrorists that Pakistan carried out in 2024—a particularly deadly year for Pakistani security forces in the country’s fight against terrorism.[iii]

Taliban-Fueled Terrorism in Pakistan Threatens Afghans in Exile

Dodge Billingsley

The rise of Taliban-fueled terrorism in Pakistan threatens former U.S. and NATO allies hiding out in Islamabad awaiting relocation to the United States and other western destinations. According to the excerpted news clip from U.S.-funded VOA Dari on its Facebook page, “there are now massive arrests and operations in Islamabad” against Afghans living in the Pakistani capital. The crackdown comes amidst increasing terrorist activity from Tehreek-e-Taliban-e-Pakistan, i.e., the Pakistani Taliban. According to the VOA Dari news clip, the primary reason for the detention and deportation of these migrants is Pakistan’s belief that the terrorism taking place in Pakistan is in part fueled or supported by Afghan refugees living in Pakistan.

The second clip, from Afghanistan International, also noted that Pakistani police were sweeping through neighborhoods detaining Afghans, and that in the past ten days, many Afghans have committed suicide rather than return to Afghanistan. The clip also noted that 400 Afghans were rounded up, including former journalists, civil society employees, and former military and security personnel, all of whom cannot return to Afghanistan for fear of imprisonment, torture, and death at the hands of the Taliban government.[i]

China’s World – or Europe’s?

ORVILLE SCHELL

“Today we’re in one era, and tomorrow we’ll be in a different era,” President Donald Trump loudly proclaimed from the White House Rose Garden as he hiked US tariffs to their highest level since 1909. “No one’s done anything quite like this!”

How U.S. Trade Policy With China Evolved

Cameron Abadi and Adam Tooze

China and the United States are now in a full-blown trade war after U.S. President Donald Trump imposed 34 percent tariffs on Beijing and China countered with an identical figure. Whether or not Trump now raises the stakes, what’s clear is that the U.S.-China economic relationship will never be the same.

How does China’s strategy on funding science compare with America’s? What explains China’s apparent economic recovery? Is Trump’s trade policy driving East Asian countries closer to China?

Iran Projects Confidence Undeterred by Weakening of Resistance Axis

Holly Dagres

Despite the severe weakening of the Iran-led Resistance Axis[i] in recent months, Tehran continues to seek to show itself projecting power. According to state broadcaster Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, on 6 January, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) spokesman and deputy of public relations Brigadier General Ali Mohammad Naeini said, “We tell the enemy that we are always ready to act at the moment,” adding, “When the command is given, we will demonstrate our power as before and change the enemy’s cognition and calculations once again.” The comments were made at an armed forces presser for the Eghtedar drill[ii] on the fifth anniversary of the U.S. assassination of IRGC Quds Force Commander Qasem Soleimani.

Naeini emphasized that Iran’s enemies—the United States and Israel—have “a false enthusiasm and misconception” of recent regional developments. Particularly, he noted their use of “psychological and cognitive warfare” to hide the truth, which, in Tehran’s mind, is that it continues to be in a position of strength. Naeini appeared to be referring to the major setbacks experienced by Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad in the Gaza Strip, as well as the ouster of the Bashar al-Assad regime in Syria. Despite these major blows to the Resistance Axis, the IRGC spokesman argued, “We never had an intelligence defeat from the enemy. It’s the enemy that always engages with cognitive warfare to make up for its intelligence and military defeats.”

The Evolution of Russian Unmanned Vehicle Doctrine in Ukraine

Dr Charles Bartles

The accompanying excerpted article from the major Russian daily newspaper Izvestia discusses how Russians are adapting to the changing character of war as experienced in its special military operation in Ukraine.[i] One feature of this change has been the pervasive use of unmanned vehicles in the air, ground, and sea. As Izvestia explains, Russia will adapt to this change by creating a new branch of arms, Unmanned Vehicle Troops, to operate similar to existing branches of service: infantry, artillery, air defense, etc.[ii] Conceptually, unmanned vehicles and their operators and maintainers will be integrated into the Russian combined arms concept as the infantry, tanks, artillery, etc., just as the Russians have Air Defense Troops in the Ground Forces, Aerospace Forces, and Navy. The Unmanned Vehicle Troops will now be a branch of arms in a similar fashion. This means that unmanned vehicles will have dedicated training, sustainment, and representation in the General Staff. This representation will enhance unmanned vehicle training and doctrine, future capability development, and ensure integration with the other arms branches. This development suggests that in the Russian view, the use of unmanned vehicles is not an aberration but will be a permanent feature of future wars and armed conflicts. It is important to note that this announcement does not mean that unmanned vehicles and their operators and maintainers will be found only in stand-alone unmanned vehicle units; they will still almost certainly be found in other types of units, such as infantry, armor, artillery, logistics, signals, and the like.

Trump’s Tariffs and the Will to Power

RICHARD K. SHERWIN

In the days since US President Donald Trump unleashed his tariff tsunami on the world, economists, investors, and business leaders have almost universally questioned its rationality. As a policy matter, they are right to be scratching their heads. But Trump’s tariffs are not simply about policy. They are of a piece with the animating features of his MAGA (“Make America Great Again”) movement: contempt for science and the rule of law, persistent lying, and a propensity for irrational theorizing.

We have witnessed this embrace of unreason before, accompanied by similarly grandiose assertions of power. Hitler’s well-known fascination with Theosophy, Gnosticism, and eugenics was not an isolated phenomenon. During the 1930s, psychoanalyst Carl Jung’s idea of self-growth or “individuation” was viewed by many (including Jung) to be the special destiny of the Aryan race. The well-known Eranos gatherings during this period, which included esteemed scholars such as Mircea Eliade (who publicly supported Romania’s fascist Iron Guard), Henry Corbin, and Gershom Scholem, have been shadowed (not entirely fairly) by the taint of anti-Enlightenment politics.

Trump’s Tariffs Will Accelerate America’s Economic Decline

KAUSHIK BASU

On March 26, President Donald Trump signed an executive order imposing a 25% tariff on all cars and light-duty trucks imported into the United States. This measure took effect on April 3 – one day after the administration rolled out its “reciprocal tariffs” on US trading partners. Trump tried to reassure nervous Americans, promising that “our automobile business will flourish like it’s never flourished before.”

The Signal Chat Leak and the NSA

Bruce Schneier

US National Security Advisor Mike Waltz, who started the now-infamous group chat coordinating a US attack against the Yemen-based Houthis on March 15, is seemingly now suggesting that the secure messaging service Signal has security vulnerabilities.

"I didn’t see this loser in the group," Waltz told Fox News about Atlantic editor in chief Jeffrey Goldberg, whom Waltz invited to the chat. "Whether he did it deliberately or it happened in some other technical mean, is something we’re trying to figure out."

Waltz’s implication that Goldberg may have hacked his way in was followed by a report from CBS News that the US National Security Agency (NSA) had sent out a bulletin to its employees last month warning them about a security "vulnerability" identified in Signal.

The truth, however, is much more interesting. If Signal has vulnerabilities, then China, Russia, and other US adversaries suddenly have a new incentive to discover them. At the same time, the NSA urgently needs to find and fix any vulnerabilities quickly as it can—and similarly, ensure that commercial smartphones are free of backdoors—access points that allow people other than a smartphone’s user to bypass the usual security authentication methods to access the device’s contents.

How to Ruin a Country

Stephen M. Walt

If you’re a regular reader of this column, you know that I often criticize what the United States is doing on the global stage. I thought George W. Bush’s presidency was a foreign-policy train wreck; Barack Obama’s eight years in office were a disappointment, Donald Trump’s first term a hot mess, and Joe Biden’s four years were tarnished by damaging strategic and moral lapses. Alas, it has taken Trump and his appointees less than three months to outdo them all for incompetent foreign-policy wingnuttery. And this would be true even if Signalgate had never occurred.

To be clear: I don’t think Trump is acting on behalf of a foreign power or that he consciously wants to make the United States less secure and less prosperous; he is just acting as if he were. One might say that he’s following this handy “Five-Step Guide to Screwing Up U.S. Foreign Policy.”

Trump’s Tariffs Are Killing His Plans for Energy Dominance - Analysis

Keith Johnson

U.S. President Donald Trump promised to bring down energy prices, and on that front at least, he has delivered.

Thanks to his trade war, crude oil prices have plunged. Benchmark prices in New York and London are down about 15 percent in the last few days, a drop that is matched only by the declines on Wall Street, in Asian stock markets, and in Tesla’s appeal. Crude oil went from the mid $70s a barrel when Trump was elected the second time to the upper $50s (briefly) on Monday.

Efficiency Isn’t Everything

Yamini Aiyar and Dan Honig

It is hard to disagree with the stated maxim behind Elon Musk’s newly established U.S. Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE): to “maximize governmental efficiency and productivity.”

In this fable of “good” vs. “evil,” the “good” forces of efficiency must chainsaw their way through the administrative state and the rules and processes that its “evil” bureaucrats hide behind. Even the political voices opposing Musk’s efficiency drive explicitly accept the goal, arguing that DOGE’s actions (for instance, firing inspectors general) are the wrong way to improve efficiency. On the centrality of “efficiency,” there is bipartisan support, even in these polarized times.

Elon Musk's Brother, Kimbal, Blasts Trump's Tariffs: 'Permanent Tax'

Gabe Whisnant

Kimbal Musk, the younger brother of Elon Musk, criticized President Donald Trump's tariffs in a post on X, formerly Twitter Monday, describing them as a "structural, permanent tax on the American consumer."

He also said that Trump is shaping up to be "the most high-tax American President in generations."

Kimbal Musk posted, "Even if he is successful in bringing jobs on shore through the tariff tax, prices will remain high and the tax on consumption will remain the form of higher prices because we are simply not as good at making all things. A tax on consumption also means less consumption. Which means less jobs. Which in turn leads to less consumption. And then even less jobs."

His post continued, "America has incredible strengths. We should play to those strengths, and not be forced to play to our weaknesses. Same with the rest of the world."

Trump signaled Monday that he has no intention of backing down from his sweeping tariff plans, despite speculation that rising market volatility might prompt a pause. Speaking from the Oval Office, Trump dismissed the idea outright, even as he claimed multiple countries were eager to negotiate new trade agreements with the U.S.

Is the world heading into recession?

Simon Jack

US President Donald Trump's tariffs have ignited wildfires across global stock markets, but does that mean we are heading for a recession?

The first thing to stress is that what happens in the stock market is not the same as what happens in the economy - falling share prices do not always mean economic misery ahead.

But sometimes they do.

Very large falls in stock market values, like these, mean there has been a fundamental reappraisal of future profits for the companies that make up the stock markets of the world.

What markets quite reasonably expect is that increased tariffs will mean that costs will rise and profits will fall.

That doesn't mean that a recession is inevitable but the chances are clearly much higher than they were before Trump announced the most severe and wide-ranging tariffs seen in a century.

An economy is defined as being in recession when the total of everything we and the government spend or export shrinks for two successive three-month periods.

Between October and December last year, the UK economy grew a tiny 0.1% and the latest monthly data showed it shrank by the same amount in January.

The Terror of Being Hunted by a Buzzing Drone

Hara Estroff Marano

Drone warfare in Ukraine is adding a new set of horrors to the already manifold dangers of the front. According to a team of American medical specialists who recently returned from a visit to Ukraine, the precision maneuvering of FPV (first-person view) drones is unleashing unprecedented psychological and neurological harm—as well as physical injury—on soldiers.

“Our visit was an unfortunate way of learning so much about the unique psychological and physical impacts of an emerging era in drone warfare," reports Dr. Ronald Hirschberg, an expert in neurological rehabilitation at Harvard. "While missiles have historically been able to seek out targets, drones represent a new level of precision and psychological warfare, capable of maneuvering remotely to track and kill specific soldiers.”

Hirschberg was visiting Ukraine as a representative of HomeBase, a veterans and family care organization that originated as a charitable effort by Harvard's Massachusetts General Hospital and the Boston Red Sox. It’s an incubator for evidence-based healing both nationally and internationally. The visit, organized through Global Response Medicine, including meetings with Ukrainian mental health experts about the unique challenges posed by drone warfare.

Beyond Mission Command: Collaborative Leadership

Lieutenant Colonel Frank Hoffman, U.S. Marine Corps Reserve (Retired) and Colonel Pat Garrett, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

The Marine Corps is engaged in a lively debate about what the future force should look like.1 But amid the discussion Force Design 2030 sparked, one topic central to warfighting has not received the attention it deserves: the exercise of command.

Marine Corps doctrine embeds command within the concept of mission command, which has been central to the service’s philosophy of warfare and leadership since 1995.2 Mission command has become an article of faith, its tenets receiving rote recitation by senior commanders. Yet, in practice, it is seldom encouraged—at least as it originally was understood when it emerged after the Vietnam War. So, as today’s security environment becomes increasingly complex, questions arise: Does mission command still work? Does a concept born many years before the IT revolution, the rise of artificial intelligence, and multidomain warfare still apply?

Historical Underpinnings

Mission command has a long pedigree. Its genesis is in the teachings of Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke “the Elder” in the late 19th century. It further grew in the practice of Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen, and of von Moltke’s nephew, General Helmuth von Moltke “the Younger.”3 Leaders in the U.S. Navy have long expressed a command philosophy that embraces the essence of mission command.

Ukraine's Thermal Camouflage Is Making Soldiers Vanish from Drones

Wes O'Donnell

Welcome to the age of infrared warfare, where the difference between life and death isn’t how fast you shoot but how cold you look.

Forget ghillie suits and face paint — Ukraine’s infantry is stepping into the future with a new breed of battlefield tech that renders them nearly invisible to thermal imagers and reconnaissance drones.

This isn’t some DARPA fever dream or Metal Gear cosplay — it’s real, it works, and it’s being fielded now by Ukraine’s 56th Separate Motorized Infantry Mariupol Brigade.

For most of military history, camouflage has been about tricking the human eye. Think tiger stripes in the jungle, desert tan in the Middle East, or pixelated digital camo that looks cool on recruiting posters but doesn’t do much in the field.

The goal was simple: don’t stand out.

But 2025’s battlefield doesn’t care what you look like to the naked eye — it cares what you look like to a drone circling two clicks overhead with a thermal sensor tuned to detect heat signatures the size of a rabbit.

After Action Review comments from a Professional Military Education Conference in the US

David Whetham

I’ve just returned from a professional military education conference in the US. It was like watching a good friend have a nervous breakdown. While the event was excellent, many of the attendees - predominantly US academics and military folks - appeared, perhaps unsurprisingly, in a state of shock. The headlines from Washington each day were dominated by what would have been called scandals and outrages in any other period of history, but are now “the new normal”.

It is not normal.

Colleagues were receiving emails from their institutions during the conference saying that offending books needed removing from the library immediately, including autobiographies of key people from American history. Other colleagues confirmed that their curricula was being assessed by political commissars looking for “inappropriate materials”, and pre-booked speakers were being uninvited out of fear that they might be perceived as straying from approved topics. The denunciation of teaching staff who dare to mention let alone teach the new (vaguely defined) forbidden subject areas by (a minority of) students has started. While book burnings have not commenced in public, the culling of material and suppression of views that might offend approved ideology is well underway - the stories emerging are real - this is not a prediction, it is happening.

Howard Lutnick's Remarks on Bringing Factories to US Face Pushback

Peter Aitken

U.S. Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick appeared at odds with himself when addressing automation in new U.S. factories and the lack of labor-guaranteed jobs as concerns about the impact of tariffs remain high.

Newsweek reached out by email to the Department of Commerce and the White House outside of normal business hours for comment.

Why It Matters

President Donald Trump's announcement last week included new tariffs on all imported goods from 180 countries as well as a list of "reciprocal duties" targeting China and other countries, claiming to combat trade imbalances and restore America's manufacturing industry. He hailed the tariffs as the country's "declaration of economic independence."

China, the world's second-largest economy, will face a 34 percent reciprocal tariff, which will start on April 9, and is in addition to a 20 percent tariff already in effect. The list claims that China charges a 67 percent tariff on U.S. products. On Friday, China announced the same retaliatory tariff on the U.S. at 34 percent.

Trump's tariffs and shakeup of global trade has rattled global and domestic markets, with Wall Street tanking over the past few days, marking the worst days for the U.S. stock markets since 2020.

Web 3.0 Requires Data Integrity

Bruce Schneier

If you’ve ever taken a computer security class, you’ve probably learned about the three legs of computer security—confidentiality, integrity, and availability—known as the CIA triad. When we talk about a system being secure, that’s what we’re referring to. All are important, but to different degrees in different contexts. In a world populated by artificial intelligence (AI) systems and artificial intelligent agents, integrity will be paramount.

What is data integrity? It’s ensuring that no one can modify data—that’s the security angle—but it’s much more than that. It encompasses accuracy, completeness, and quality of data—all over both time and space. It’s preventing accidental data loss; the “undo” button is a primitive integrity measure. It’s also making sure that data is accurate when it’s collected—that it comes from a trustworthy source, that nothing important is missing, and that it doesn’t change as it moves from format to format. The ability to restart your computer is another integrity measure.

The CIA triad has evolved with the Internet. The first iteration of the Web—Web 1.0 of the 1990s and early 2000s—prioritized availability. This era saw organizations and individuals rush to digitize their content, creating what has become an unprecedented repository of human knowledge. Organizations worldwide established their digital presence, leading to massive digitization projects where quantity took precedence over quality. The emphasis on making information available overshadowed other concerns.

Securing the Electronic Hardware Supply Chain: A Cost-Benefit Analysis Framework

Rijesh Panicker, Colonel KPM Das & Arindam Goswami

1. Introduction

Hardware supply chain security refers to the comprehensive set of measures, controls, and practices designed to protect the integrity, authenticity, and security of hardware components and systems throughout their lifecycle - from design and manufacturing to deployment and disposal. It has two fundamental concerns: First, the risk of disruption in hardware availability and functionality due to geopolitical events, natural disasters, or market fluctuations. Second, the risk of intentional compromise through the insertion of malicious components, backdoors, or vulnerabilities at any point in the supply chain.

This implies that hardware needs to be secured from cyber-attacks and hacks into supply chains. Design, planning sourcing and manufacturing are initial stages in the life cycle that needs to be maker-checker reviewed. The latter stages of quality, delivery, sustenance, and end-of-life are equally important. It also implies that technical and process choices made in these eight stages rely on secure, trusted technologies and components. It also requires that hardware supply chain security is an assurance outcome, a dynamic interplay between technology, process, and people pillars. Figure 1 below indicates the eight-stage sequential hardware supply chain construct with associated risks.

Firing of top cyber general ‘sets back’ US military and intel operations, makes America ‘less safe,’ lawmakers of both parties say

Mark Pomerleau

Following the Thursday firing of Gen. Timothy Haugh, who led the NSA and U.S. Cyber Command, lawmakers criticized the Trump administration, both for the decision to let him go and for not providing a reason.

At press time, it still remains a public mystery why he and NSA deputy Wendy Noble (who was removed and reassigned) were fired from leading the largest intelligence agency — which produces the majority of the intel for the president’s daily brief — and the government’s main cyber warfare entity, Cybercom.

Chief Pentagon spokesperson released a statement late Friday afternoon that read: “The Defense Department thanks General Timothy Haugh for his decades of service to our nation, culminating as U.S. Cyber Command Commander and National Security Agency Director. We wish him and his family well.”

The websites of Cyber Command and NSA were updated Friday afternoon to reflect that Army Lt. Gen. William Hartman is now in charge of both organizations. Hartman had been the deputy commander of Cybercom. Although the commander is dual-hatted to lead both organizations, the deputy Cybercom commander is not part of NSA.

Elevating Information: Why the Army Should Establish Information as a Core Warfighting Function for Multi-Domain Operations

David R. Cowan

Introduction

The modern battlefield transcends traditional geographic boundaries, encompassing the physical, informational, and cognitive dimensions. In this complex environment, the United States Army’s FM 3-0, Operations (2022), outlines the critical shift towards Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) to prevail in Large-Scale Combat Operations (LSCO). While this doctrine recognizes information as a critical component of contemporary warfare, this article argues that the Army must take the next logical step: formally establishing information as a core warfighting function, equal in status to mission command, movement and maneuver, intelligence, fires, sustainment, and protection.

The ongoing conflict in Ukraine provides compelling evidence that information operations are not merely supporting efforts but are central to military success across domains. This article contends that formally elevating information to a warfighting function would enable commanders to more effectively integrate operations in the information environment into every facet of military planning, from Brigade to Corps levels, creating decisive advantages in MDO.

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