6 March 2025

How the Taliban Built an Air Force

Gil Barndollar

The collapse of the Afghan state amid the United States’ withdrawal in 2021 gifted the new Taliban government with more than $7 billion worth of U.S. military equipment. Afghanistan’s new overlords suddenly found themselves with fleets of Humvees, mountains of machine guns, and forests of radars and satellite dishes. The vast hardware hoard also included dozens of aircraft: a motley mix of Hind and Blackhawk helicopters, cargo planes, and close air support props.

Before the Taliban even had time to inventory their new arsenal, Egyptian filmmaker Ibrahim Nash’at arrived in Kabul. From his home in Berlin, he had seen the scenes of civilians storming Kabul’s international airport in a desperate attempt to flee, and he had managed to obtain permission to come to Afghanistan and film. But his plan—to record the suffering of ordinary Afghans—was swiftly dashed. Accompanied by a Taliban minder at all times and forbidden to film anyone other than a Taliban commander and his men, Nash’at was forced to switch tack. That commander happened to be Mawlawi Mansour, the Taliban fighter in charge of creating a new Taliban air force from the equipment and pilots who were left behind.

Afghanistan: Weakening Regime – Analysis

Ajit Kumar Singh

The ‘political landscape’ of Taliban-ruled Afghanistan is in increasing turmoil. A deep divide has emerged between the Kandahari group led by Taliban Supreme Leader Hibatullah Akhundzada and the Haqqani Group led by Interior Minister Sirajuddin Haqqani. The Haqqani Group also includes Deputy Prime Minister Abdul Ghani Baradar and Deputy Foreign Minister Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai. These three – Haqqani, Baradar and Stanikzai – are among the most prominent Taliban leaders after Akhundzada.

Indeed, at the time of writing two of these three top leaders of the Haqqani Group – Sirajuddin Haqqani and Abbas Stanikzai – have left the country and are currently residing in United Arab Emirate (UAE). There were rumours of disaffection around Baradar’s absence as well, since it overlapped with Haqqani and Stanikzai’s, but he has returned to Kabul.

The first to leave the country was Stanikzai who openly challenged Akhundzada, calling his decision to ban girls’ education and other restrictions on women his “personal choice”. He stated on January 18, 2025,

The Impact of Technological Weapons in the Myanmar Conflict

Rueben Dass and Iftekharul Bashar

Myanmar has endured protracted ethno-political conflicts for decades. Since the military coup in February 2021, the situation has escalated to a new level. Technology is playing a significant role in the evolution of the civil war, as both sides add new weapons to their arsenals. Over the past three years, the People’s Defense Forces (PDFs), the armed wing of the pro-democracy National Unity Government (NUG), and various ethnic armed organizations (EAOs) have increasingly relied on technology to challenge the Tatmadaw, Myanmar’s military. Drones and 3D-printing have become vital tools in their strategies. Likewise, the Tatmadaw has also adopted new technology, particularly drones, learning from its adversaries. This article explores how these new technologies are shaping Myanmar’s conflict theatre and their broader implications for modern warfare.

Drones

Resistance groups in Myanmar have weaponized drones in innovative ways, adapting commercial drones like DJI quadcopters and hexacopters, and even developing 3D-printed drones like the Liberator MKI and MKII to carry explosives. Some parts for these drones are allegedly sourced from online e-commerce platforms in border regions or smuggled across the border from China and Thailand, reducing the financial burden on resistance groups. The addition of bomb-release mechanisms and other modifications have made drones a versatile weapon, allowing for more efficient and effective strikes. Drones are primarily used for targeted bombings on military bases and fortified camps. These systems enable the insurgents to bypass difficult terrain, such as dense jungles and mountainous regions, and strike military camps and outposts that would otherwise be hard to reach with conventional ground assaults.

China Is Winning Its Language War in Tibet

Gerald Roche

Three days after he was released from prison in December, a Tibetan village leader named Gonpo Namgyal died. As his body was being prepared for traditional Tibetan funeral rites, marks were found indicating he had been brutally tortured in jail.

His crime? Gonpo Namgyal had been part of a campaign to protect the Tibetan language in China.

Gonpo Namgyal is the victim of a slow-moving conflict that has dragged on for nearly 75 years, since China invaded Tibet in the mid-20th century. Language has been central to that conflict.

Tibetans have worked to protect the Tibetan language and resisted efforts to enforce Mandarin Chinese. Yet, Tibetan children are losing their language through enrollment in state boarding schools where they are being educated nearly exclusively in Mandarin Chinese. Tibetan is typically only taught a few times a week – not enough to sustain the language.

My research, published in a new book in 2024, provides unique insights into the struggle of other minority languages in Tibet that receive far less attention.

Xi Warns Of Economic ‘Difficulties’ Ahead Of National People’s Congress

Xi Zian, Qian Lang and Lucie Lo

Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping has warned of “many difficulties and challenges” for China’s economy ahead of the annual session of the National People’s Congress in Beijing this week.

In an article published in the ideological party journal Qiushi on Monday — two days before the congress opens — Xi warned of the “many risks and hidden dangers” facing China’s economy, before alluding to the threats of further U.S. tariffs on Chinese goods.

“At present, the adverse effects of changes in the external environment have deepened, and our country’s economy still faces many difficulties and challenges,” Xi wrote in the piece.

U.S. President Donald Trump last month imposed a 10% tariff on Chinese imports in retaliation for what he said was Beijing’s refusal to stop the outflow of precursors for the synthetic opioid fentanyl.

Beijing then introduced a 15% retaliatory tariff on certain U.S. energy exports to China. Last week, Trump warned he would ramp that rate up a further 10% on March 4. As a presidential candidate last year, Trump vowed tariffs of “more than” 60% on Chinese imports.

Unpredictable Days Ahead – OpEd

Dr. J. Scott Younger

One month has passed since Donald Trump entered the White House for the second time. One can only add that it has been fairly dramatic, two wars going on, which he said he would put a stop to, and the signing of umpteen executive orders including the of many MAGA supporters involved in the White House riots in January 2021. He still found time to spend weekends at his Florida base, however, and get in a statutory round of golf.

The President surpassed himself when pontificating about the Ukraine war, making seemingly outrageous remarks about his European and UK allies, and having a cruel dig at President Volodymyr Zelensky, all wrong and full of misinformation. One doubts he reads anything and ‘’opens his mouth and lets his belly rumble’’ to quote a fairly common slang phrase. It must have made Vladimir Putin smile and given him satisfaction before peace talks get more serious. So far, he has found he has found routes to get away with it. A solution has always come to hand, for example being self-exonerated as president for several pending court cases to answer charges on a host of issues, including fraud.


A Thousand Snipers in the Sky: The New War in Ukraine

Marc Santora, Lara Jakes, Andrew E. Kramer, Marco Hernandez and Liubov Sholudko

When a mortar round exploded on top of their American-made Bradley infantry fighting vehicle, the Ukrainian soldiers inside were shaken but not terribly worried, having been hardened by artillery shelling over three years of war.

But then the small drones started to swarm.

They targeted the weakest points of the armored Bradley with a deadly precision that mortar fire doesn’t possess. One of the explosive drones struck the hatch right above where the commander was sitting.

“It tore my arm off,” recounted Jr. Sgt. Taras, the 31-year-old commander who, like others, used his first name in accordance with Ukrainian military protocols.

Scrambling for a tourniquet, Sergeant Taras saw that the team’s driver had also been hit, his eye blasted from its socket.

The two soldiers survived. But the attack showed how an ever-evolving constellation of drones — largely off-the-shelf technologies that are being turned into killing machines at breakneck speed — made the third year of war in Ukraine deadlier than the first two years combined, according to Western estimates.

What Do We Stand For?

Hy Rothstein

The way the war in Ukraine ends matters. The seeds for future Russian aggression will be planted if Putin’s war results in advancing Russia’s conception of security. It is also important to remember that the war is not simply a war between Russia and Ukraine. Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov accurately said that the West is engaged in a proxy war with his country. Though the US has not put boots on the ground, words and deeds have made the war in Ukraine America’s war too. The war is Russia against the West. Any settlement that rewards Russian aggression is a defeat for the West. The United States will not be spared another defeat by switching sides. Doing so will amplify the defeat.

Any settlement must consider that Putin has ruled out territorial concessions and demands that Kyiv abandon its NATO membership ambitions. The Russian president wants to limit the size and power of Kyiv’s military, ensure the country’s permanent neutrality and control the direction of its political future. Putin has also argued the people of the two countries share a common history and identity and Ukraine had been unjustly severed from Russia through the work of anti-Russian forces and must be reunified. For Putin, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine is about correcting an event 30 years ago that he believes never should have taken place. A just outcome seems elusive.

Trump’s Iron Dome for America is ambitious. It also has some serious technology and policy flaws

Stephen J. Cimbala & Lawrence J. Korb

In his early days in office, President Donald Trump proposed a program to develop and eventually deploy an “Iron Dome for America.” The proposal is essentially a comprehensive antimissile and air defense system for the US homeland against future threats of attacks from ballistic, hypersonic, and advanced cruise missiles, as well as other advanced aerial attacks “from peer, near-peer, and rogue adversaries.”—read Russia, China, and North Korea, respectively.[1]

To develop this program, President Trump tasked the US defense community with submitting within 60 days—by the end of March—a “reference architecture, capabilities-based requirements, and an implementation plan for the next-generation missile defense shield.”[2]

The Trump administration’s ambitious plans for nationwide defenses deserve serious scrutiny about whether they are feasible—from the standpoint of available and foreseeable technology and cost—and desirable, from the standpoint of deterrence stability.

Israel’s Intelligence Failure

George Friedman

Hamas’ attack on Oct. 7, 2023, was not Israel’s first intelligence failure. In the 1973 Arab-Israeli war, Israel was surprised by Egypt and Syria’s two-front armored attack. It is the mission of national intelligence services to avoid such surprises. Nothing is perfect; some levels of imperfection are to be expected, and the public never sees the after-action report. In fact, most intelligence failures register far below the level of intolerability. But Hamas’ Oct. 7 attack was an intolerable failure.

Israel has since completed a review of its intelligence failures that day, even going so far, apparently, as to give the media complete access to its operations. The Times of Israel recently published an article about the findings, which are fairly damning. The first two paragraphs tell the tale:

“The Israel Defense Forces Military Intelligence Directorate received information and plans outlining Hamas’s intent to launch a wide-scale attack against Israel over a period of several years, but dismissed the plan as unrealistic and unfeasible, according to a probe of the intelligence failures leading up to the October 7 attack.

Europe’s air of dependence

Douglas Barrie

On Germany’s election day, 23 February, the likely next chancellor, Friedrich Merz, called on Europe to aim for ‘independence’ from the United States. In the defence and security realm, such a clarion call, however, is far easier in the making than in delivery.

Europe collectively remains reliant on Washington for certain key military capabilities, including within the NATO alliance. These span from what are often described as ‘enablers’, a catch-all term for platforms or systems critical for the support of combat capacity, to the nuclear free-fall weapons for NATO Dual Capable Aircraft.

President Donald Trump’s transactional approach to the country’s long-term allies, only weeks into his second term, is providing a stark lesson. The lack of sovereign or sufficient military capability in critical areas among European countries means that they remain dependent on the US to either fill the gaps or to bolster the limited continental capacity. For some European states, the rhetoric and early actions of Trump’s second term seem to be calling into question the US’s reliability as the backstop for the defence of Europe.

Crypto prices rally after Trump backs five coins for 'crypto reserve'

Max Matza

US President Donald Trump has revealed the names of five cryptocurrencies that he says he'd like to be included in a new strategic reserve to make the US "the Crypto Capital of the World".

The market prices of the five coins he named - Bitcoin, Ethereum, XRP, Solana and Cardano - all swiftly jumped after the announcement.

During Trump's presidential campaign, he aggressively courted the crypto community. The previous US president, Joe Biden, had overseen a crackdown on crypto due to concerns about fraud and money laundering.

It is unclear how the new stockpile will work. More information is expected on Friday, when Trump plans to host the first Crypto Summit at the White House.

In a social media post on Sunday, Trump said he had signed an order which "directed the Presidential Working Group to move forward on a Crypto Strategic Reserve that includes XRP, SOL, and ADA".

Hegseth orders pause in US cyber-offensive against Russia

James FitzGerald

US President Donald Trump's administration is pausing its offensive cyber operations against Russia, officials say, as a diplomatic push continues to end the war in Ukraine.

The reasoning for the instruction has not been publicly stated, and it is not clear how long the halt might last. The defence department has declined to comment.

The directive reportedly came before Trump ended up in a televised row with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky at the White House on Friday.

Since returning to office, Trump has markedly softened the American position towards Moscow in eagerness to reach a deal to end the war - following Russia's full-scale invasion more than three years ago.

He appeared to echo Moscow's justification for starting the war and announced plans to meet his counterpart President Vladimir Putin. The US has also sided with Russia during recent votes at the United Nations related to the war.

At the same time, Trump has labelled Zelensky a dictator, and accused the other man of "gambling with World War Three" during Friday's blow-up in the Oval Office.


Can Ukraine-US relations be repaired?

Jamie Dettmer

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy veered dangerously off-script last week, thanks, in large part, to goading by U.S. Vice President JD Vance.

In doing so, the Ukrainian leader left the White House empty-handed and U.S.-Ukrainian relations in tatters — much to the delight of MAGA loyalists, like former strategic adviser Steve Bannon, who told POLITICO it was the “perfect outcome, and now we can wash our hands of him.” Ukrainians, though, were aghast at the spectacle, and remain deeply upset by what they see as Trump and Vance’s failure to understand that they are the wronged party who have suffered egregiously at the hands of a revanchist Russia, even enduring documented war crimes.

Counseled by his American friends and advisers, as well as his powerful chief of staff Andriy Yermak, Zelenskyy had been careful to avoid antagonizing America’s prickly President Donald Trump since his reelection. “Play along” was the advice, and considering the bad blood between Trump and Zelenskyy going back to 2019 — when the Ukrainian leader wouldn’t accede to Trump’s demand for an investigation into former U.S. President Joe Biden’s son — following that advice was crucial.

Until Friday, the strategy was clear: The Ukrainian leader needed to be seen as constructive, leaving Russian President Vladimir Putin to exasperate Trump by being recalcitrant and the first one to say “nyet.”

Trump has utterly changed the rules of engagement. World leaders must learn this – and quickly

Simon Tisdall

It’s not only about Donald Trump. It’s not just about saving Ukraine, or defeating Russia, or how to boost Europe’s security, or what to do about an America gone rogue. It’s about a world turned upside down – a dark, fretful, more dangerous place where treaties and laws are no longer respected, alliances are broken, trust is fungible, principles are negotiable and morality is a dirty word. It’s an ugly, disordered world of raw power, brute force, selfish arrogance, dodgy deals and brazen lies. It’s been coming for a while; the US president is its noisy harbinger.

Take the issues one at a time. Trump is a toxic symptom of the wider malaise. For sure, he is an extraordinarily malign, unfeeling and irresponsible man. He cares nothing for the people he leads, seeing them merely as an audience for his vulgar showmanship. His undeserved humiliation of Ukraine’s valiant leader, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, was, he crowed, “great television”. As president, Trump wields enormous power and influence. But Potus is not omnipotent. America’s vanquished Democrats are slowly finding their voice. Connecticut senator Chris Murphy shows how it should be done. Don’t bite your lip. Don’t play by rules Trump ignores. When Trump tried to blame diversity hiring policies for January’s deadly Potomac midair collision, Murphy hit back fiercely.

“Everybody in this country should be outraged that Donald Trump is standing up on that podium and lying to you – deliberately lying to you,” Murphy fumed. Trump was at it again when he mugged Zelenskyy last week. But it is not passing unchallenged. Street protests in Britain and the US followed. A campaign gathers pace to block Trump’s planned UK state visit. Opinion polls show growing opposition.

Trump and Vance Dress Down Zelensky In Oval Office: "You Gotta Be More Thankful," "You're Gambling With World War Three"

Tim Hains

President Trump, Vice President JD Vance, and Ukraine President Zelensky got into an extremely heated back and forth in the Oval Office on Friday when Zelensky asked Vance to visit Ukraine and Vance denounced "doing propaganda tours."

Trump told Zelensky: "You're right now not in a very good position... You don’t have the cards right now…You’re gambling with WWIII."

VP Vance said it was "disrespectful for Zelensky to come into the Oval Office, litigating in front of the American media."

"Have you said thank you once? You went to Pennsylvania to campaign for the opposition," Vance told Zelensky.

"The problem is, I've empowered you to be a tough guy,," Trump told Zelensky. "I don't think you'd be a tough guy without the United States."

"You're either going to make a deal or we're out. And if we're out, you'll fight it out. I don't think it's going to be pretty, but you'll fight it out," the president said.

"But you don't have the cards"

Trump added at the end: "I think we've seen enough. This is going to be great television, I will say that."

Trump's Frenetic About-Face on Venezuela | Opinion

Daniel R. DePetris

What is President Donald Trump's policy on Venezuela? What are his prime objectives? And what strategy is he using to achieve them?

In normal times, these basic questions would be answered once the sitting administration underwent a detailed inter-agency review among the various principals, deliberated about the benefits, costs and consequences of their options, and presented a general plan for the public. But the Trump administration isn't a normal administration and we aren't living in normal times. In the Trump White House, there isn't so much a policymaking process as there is a series of disjointed, dizzying moves that could change by the week.

Ditto Venezuela policy. Trump has always been a bit conflicted about the country. During his first term, his administration slapped a mountain of economic sanctions on Caracas, including Venezuela's cash-cow oil industry, to drive Venezuelan strongman Nicolรกs Maduro into either giving up power voluntarily or negotiating his own exit with the political opposition. The strategy, heavily influenced by John Bolton, his national security adviser at the time, didn't work; Maduro was able to snuff out an amateurish coup by ensuring the upper-echelons of the Venezuelan army stayed loyal. The whole thing turned out to be an embarrassment for Trump, who at points suggested the United States could invade Venezuela to usher in regime change there. Trump lost confidence in Venezuelan opposition leader Juan Guaidรณ shortly thereafter and hinted in 2020 that he could change tact and sit down with Maduro for negotiations himself.

The Future of the US in Europe: A Proposal

Aaron Stein

US President Donald Trump is a radically transparent person but still manages to surprise. After promising for years that he would put pressure on Ukraine to agree with Russia to halt fighting, Trump has recently followed through. He directed his administration to extort the Ukrainian government for a natural resources agreement, ostensibly to “pay back” the American taxpayer for military assistance, and called on Europe to provide a military force to occupy the country to deter a Russian resumption of fighting after any agreement is reached.

Trump’s demands have caused a serious fissure in transatlantic relations. It is essential to understand the roots of these fissures so that the US-European relationship can evolve to meet the moment. Trump is remarkably consistent, and elements of his worldview have become mainstream, particularly his demand of Europe to do more for itself so that Washington can focus on the Indo-Pacific. The Obama administration first announced the “rebalance” towards Asia in 2011, which continued during the first Trump administration, accelerated under former President Joe Biden, and will likely fully mature during Trump’s second term. The “rebalance” always included a basic tradeoff: The United States would de-emphasize its commitments in the Middle East and Europe in favor of a reallocation of forces in Asia and Australia.

A Review Of The Use Of Tunnels By Hamas, Hizbullah, Al-Qaeda, ISIS, Ansar Allah (Houthis), And Other Jihadi Groups And Ramifications For U.S. National Security – With Foreword By General (Ret) Kenneth F. McKenzie Jr., USMC

Steven Stalinsky, Ph.D., R. Sosnow, A. Smith, Z. Emile, K. Choukry, Matt Schierer, N. Mozes, Y. Kerman, N. Shulder, and A. Goren

Introduction

Hamas's October 7, 2023 surprise attack, which included the use of paragliders, the tearing down of the border fence, the taking of hostages, and their transport, along with bodies of the murdered, into the massive network of Hamas's tunnels, was a huge military achievement for terrorist organizations and serves as a model for others to follow in future attacks. As Hamas leader abroad Khaled Mash'al said on October 26, 2023 on Egyptian television: "The Russians told us that what happened on October 7 would be taught in military academies. The Chinese are thinking of carrying out a plan in Taiwan, doing what the Al-Qassam Brigades did on October 7. The Arabs are giving the world a master class."[1]

The construction of at least 300 miles of tunnels right under the noses of Israeli and even U.S. intelligence was a stunning achievement. John Spencer, the Chair of Urban Warfare Studies at West Point's Modern War Institute, outlined the extent of the tunnel network under Gaza on July 1, 2024: "It is growing more and more difficult to describe Hamas's underground network in Gaza as the Israeli military continue discovering tunnels, London metro 402 km, New York subway system 399 km, Seoul metro 340 km. The 'Gaza metro' is believed to be over 500 km but may end up being even bigger."[2] Spencer detailed this issue in a longer article titled "Gaza's Underground: Hamas's Entire Politico-Military Strategy Rests on Its Tunnels."[3] Spencer also wrote, alongside Colonel Patrick Sullivan and Modern War Institute editor-in-chief John Amble, a study titled "Israel's Campaign against Hezbollah and the Fight for Southern Lebanon's Tunnels" in which they concluded: "The fight to control the tunnels and deny their control to Hezbollah is a necessary component of any campaign against the group. A war might not be won exclusively in the tunnels, but it cannot be won without accounting for them."

Europe Is Now Led by Its North

Caroline de Gruyter

One photo captures it all: European leaders visiting Kyiv on the third anniversary of the Russian invasion, sitting in a close circle with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky. The light is warm, dimmed. All sit on the edge of their chairs, leaning forward, their heads closely together, listening to Zelensky. No one looks depressed or anxious; on the contrary, it is clear they share a common mission. All look focused on the future. In short, they look like family.

Almost all of the pictured leaders were from Northern Europe and the Baltic countries, also known as NB8—the Nordic-Baltic Eight. In Kyiv, they were joined by the European Commission president and the Canadian and Spanish prime ministers.

It was a geopolitical statement—one that was more remarkable for being made by Nordic-Baltic states. For decades, most Nordic policymakers considered Europe to be not much more than a market. More often than not, they were known for putting a brake on integration, rather than furthering it. As for the Baltic states, until Russia’s invasion in Ukraine they were often referred to as the “new countries,” even though all three—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—joined both NATO and the European Union in 2004.

Trump’s Concert of Kingpins Won’t Work

Stephen M. Walt

If you’re still surprised by the chaos that U.S. President Donald Trump is fostering at home and abroad, I fear you weren’t paying sufficient attention over the past eight years. At this point in his long and twisted life, it is obvious that his vision of a perfect world is one where men with power and wealth (i.e., men like him) can do whatever they want, unconstrained by norms, laws, or a broader commitment to the public good. This attitude was most clearly revealed back in the 2016 campaign, when he boasted on tape that he just grabbed women wherever he wanted. Rules? Decency? Restraint? Public-mindedness? That’s for losers and dupes.

Given this core belief, it is hardly surprising that the leaders Trump admires and feels most comfortable with are autocrats with unchecked power. He praises Russian President Vladimir Putin as a “strong leader,” and rhapsodizes about how well he gets along with men (and, yes, they are all men) such as Chinese President Xi Jinping, North Korean dictator Kim Jong Un, or Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. Even the democratically elected leaders he prefers—like Viktor Orban in Hungary, Narendra Modi in India, or Benjamin Netanyahu in Israel—have strong illiberal or autocratic tendencies. Notice also that many of these leaders have used their control of the state to enrich themselves or their supporters; corruption is a nearly universal symptom in autocratic systems. This attitude helps explain Trump’s relationship with Elon Musk and some of the other tech bros; like Trump, they want to eliminate any rules that might prevent them from extracting as much wealth as possible from the rest of us. And it is right in line with his affinity for proud misogynists like the infamous Tate brothers.

How Not to End the War in Ukraine

Tetiana Kyselova and Yuna Potomkina

On February 18, Russian and U.S. officials met in Saudi Arabia to begin talks to end the war in Ukraine—the first such high-level dialogue to take place since the 2022 full-scale invasion, but one without Ukrainian representatives. Ahead of the talks, U.S. President Donald Trump made concessions to Russian President Vladimir Putin and has since told Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky that he was “gambling with World War III.” Accommodating Russian narratives and positions could turn out to be a provocative yet smart move to bring Putin to the table—but only if Trump sets high standards and demands once

How Far Will Rwanda Go in Congo?

Michela Wrong

In 1963, nearly three dozen newly independent African nations met in Addis Ababa to establish the Organization of African Unity. Among the core principles they embraced was the inviolability of existing, colonial-era national borders. Failure to uphold them, they agreed, would open the way for one irredentist claim after another and threaten to tear the continent apart. For much of the past six decades, although borders have repeatedly been flouted and—in a few notable cases—redrawn, that legal precept has generally held.

Since January, however, the rapid conquest and occupation of a huge area of the Democratic Republic of Congo by Rwanda and the M23 rebel group it supports has raised concerns that the principle may now be endangered. Over the past two months, the M23, together with as many as 10,000 to 12,000 Rwandan troops, has overrun an area of eastern Congo that is home to more than five million people. In late January, the rebels captured Goma, the largest city in the province of North Kivu; less than three weeks later, they also seized Bukavu, the capital of South Kivu, as well as a key airport, thereby cutting off Congolese forces from resupply. The Congolese government puts the number of dead so far at 7,000.

The M23 claims that it seeks to counter Hutu extremist groups that perpetrated the Rwandan genocide and then took refuge in eastern Congo. But the UN and Rwanda’s various donor states have long dismissed these justifications, aware that Rwanda, a densely populated, resource-poor state, has acquired a taste for Congo’s smuggled minerals and is driven by naked self-interest. Worryingly, Rwandan President Paul Kagame claimed in a 2023 speech that the precolonial borders of the Kingdom of Rwanda extended much farther than the country’s current frontiers, spilling over into modern-day Uganda to the north, Burundi to the south, and Congo to the west.

The Battle for the Internet

Mercedes Page

Democracies and authoritarian states are battling over the future of the internet in a little-known UN process.

The United Nations is conducting a 20-year review of its World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), a landmark series of meetings that, among other achievements, formally established today’s multistakeholder model of internet governance. This model ensures the internet remains open, global and not controlled by any single entity.

This model is now at the centre of a fierce geopolitical struggle. Authoritarian countries are pushing for a multilateral governance approach—one that shifts control of the internet firmly into the hands of governments. This shift would legitimise crackdowns on dissent, expand online surveillance, enable internet shutdowns, weaken human rights, and accelerate the global spread of digital authoritarianism.

Unfortunately, the WSIS+20 review comes as this approach to internet and digital governance is increasingly popular. In recent years China and Russia have made significant inroads in the UN in advancing their interests for greater state control over the internet and digital governance. In 2024, the UN Cybercrime Treaty granted governments new powers over online activity, sparking concerns it could facilitate digital surveillance and legitimise restrictions on human rights and freedoms, while the UN Global Digital Compact also shifted toward a larger state role in digital governance issues.

The Army’s New AbramsX Tank Is Armed with Drones

Kyle Mizokami

Just six months after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, defense contractor General Dynamics introduced a new version of the iconic M1 Abrams tank. The tank, known as AbramsX, incorporated lessons from the ongoing war, specifically the importance of drones in modern conflict. Although just a mockup of an actual tank, AbramsX could form a starting point for a new, third generation of the longest-serving tank in American history.

AbramsX: The History and Backstory

In October 2022 at the Association of the U.S. Army conference, General Dynamics unveiled a new version of the Abrams tank. Dubbed AbramsX, the tank reflected a quick pivot to lessons learned from the Russian invasion of Ukraine the previous February.

AbramsX was not a working, operational tank but was intended to take lessons from the ongoing war, particularly the rise of drones, and use it to keep tanks not only relevant, but dominant on the modern battlefield.

AbramsX differs from the current M1A2SEPv3 Abrams in several ways. One is the reduction in crew size, from four to three. Finally, a main gun autoloader mechanism has been incorporated, eliminating the human loader. The tank commander and gunner are repositioned into the tank’s hull, where they sit in a row alongside the driver.