Julian G. Waller, Elizabeth Wishnick, Margaret Sparling and Michael Connell
INTRODUCTION
The Russia-Iran relationship has changed significantly over the course of the past decade, with considerable dynamism evident across several dimensions of cooperation—especially since the onset of the Russia-Ukraine war in 2022. To date, however, a full characterization of the changes and current state of the relationship has not been developed.
Considering this need, and at the request of US European Command’s Russian Strategic Initiative, this report examines the Russia-Iran relationship’s temporal and thematic dimensions.1 To do so, the report identifies and then measures a variety of indicators that characterize trends in political, military, and economic cooperation. This method allows the research team to track developments over time. It uses a variety of qualitative and quantitative indicators to measure the health and depth of the bilateral relationship. Our framework takes cues from the general diplomatic, informational, military, economic (DIME) framework, which is widely used in political-military and strategic analysis to delineate the core set of “instruments” or dimensions of “national power” available to states.2 For the purposes of this report, a tripartite political-militaryeconomic division is used to structure the overall characterization of the relationship.
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