Dr. Shalini Mittal
Historical Roots of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs)
Improvised Explosive Devices or IEDs are any explosive devices that are constructed or detonated in ways other than the conventional military ways. They are frequently described as a new technology. The term “Improvised Explosive Device” was coined by the British Army during the ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland that lasted from 1960s to 1998.
However, it is important to note that IEDs have a lengthy history. In the 16th century, the Dutch used explosive laden ships termed as ‘hellburners’ to fight against the Spanish in Antwerp. In 1800 an unsuccessful attempt was made to kill Napolean with help of explosives planted in horse carts. Yet other examples of IEDs from history include Mario Buda’s improvised wagon in the Wall Street bombing of 1920, suicide car bombing at the Bath School massacre in 1927 and the use of large vehicle borne IEDs in the Beirut Barracks bombings of 1983.
The Psychological Appeal of IEDs: Cost, Access, and Impact
While in the past the use of IEDs was fairly limited, they became significantly more widespread and impactful during the Iraq war beginning in 2003. Following which the use of IEDs spread to other conflict zones such as Afghanistan. Usually, use of IEDs is observed in ‘asymmetric warfare and power dynamics’ where one side is significantly weaker. While the conventional military forces may be better trained and equipped, use of IEDs offers opportunity to the weaker forces to strike from a distance, instill fear and disrupt army operations.
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