Daniel Williams
From 1979, when Shiite Muslim clerics took power in Iran, the government and its security apparatus built up armed militias in the Middle East that became a mainstay of Tehran’s anti-Israel coalition known as the Axis of Resistance.
In the aftermath of the October 7, 2023, attack on Israel by Hamas, the alliance has come under intense threat. Israel retaliated not only against Hamas, in the now-devastated Gaza Strip, but also against Hezbollah, in Lebanon, which took up the Palestinian cause by launching missiles into Israel the next day, October 8, 2023.
After months of tit-for-tat aerial exchanges, the Israelis stepped up their bombardments of southern Lebanon and Beirut. It has moved three divisions of soldiers to the frontier in preparation for a ground offensive.
Houthi rebels in Yemen, a relative newcomer to the Axis, harassed commercial shipping in the Red Sea in support of Hamas. In response, Israel, the US and the UK have launched drone and rockets attacks at Houthi military targets.
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