Donald Camp
Sri Lanka has collapsed economically and politically, and everyone should be worried about its future. There is no short-term solution that promises the nation’s people significant relief and no guarantees that the country will continue to rally together rather than descend into violence. The international community needs to work together to help Sri Lanka through an extended recovery period and give its citizens some confidence that a decent life will eventually return. It will be a test case as other countries face similar problems in the years ahead.
The country’s economic collapse is well-documented. Extreme mismanagement and corruption have drained the country’s reserves and ballooned its debt. This, combined with global inflation, food shortages, the onset of Covid-19, and the consequent collapse of the tourism industry, was a perfect storm that left Sri Lankan officials begging for lines of credit and emergency supplies of fuel, food, and fertilizer from its friends, especially India. A bloated civil service and military have exacerbated Sri Lanka’s plight. A country that had been doing well economically in recent years finds itself the international model of a bankrupt state.
Politically, the picture is no better. The Rajapakse family and its allies, which have dominated politics and the government for most of the previous 16 years, are thoroughly discredited. Some have fled the country; others are in hiding. But there is no one in the splintered opposition that promises the tough leadership that will be required in the years ahead. The crowds of demonstrators that have brought down the government are fed up with the whole political class. Their mood in recent days has been celebratory and even joyous but that will not continue in the absence of food and fuel and even medicine in the hospitals.
Sri Lanka has a long and sad history of violent rebellions—from radical Sinhalese youth who tore the country apart in 1971 and again in the late 1980s, to the Tamil Tigers from 1983–2009. There are simmering resentments and a young population inured to violence. There is a military still manned to fight a war and a constabulary with a reputation for politically motivated killings. This is a recipe for potential disaster when and if the mostly peaceful demonstrations turn violent.
What can the United States and the international community do to help Sri Lanka avoid a worst-case scenario of political chaos and internecine violence? Work with the International Monetary Fund to encourage a realistic bailout package that imposes conditions that address corruption and a bloated bureaucracy but does not add unnecessarily to the daily burdens of the citizenry. Front-load the package to allow the country to buy fuel and fertilizer now to ensure a decent harvest next year.
Encourage Sri Lanka’s major creditors (Japan, China, the Asian Development Bank) to reschedule and even forgive some of the debt coming that is due now and in the immediate future.
Offer humanitarian assistance now to tide the country over during its current shortages. Immediate relief will lower the temperature of the demonstrators and offer hope for a better future.
Use Sri Lanka as a test case of what is happening on a less dramatic scale in other developing countries. Develop international mechanisms to help countries struggling with Ukraine war-related inflation and food shortages.
Once political stability allows, encourage tourism, the most immediate source of hard currency for the economy.
Pay some public attention to Sri Lanka’s plight. From the U.S. side, send Secretary of State Antony Blinken and USAID administrator Samantha Power to Sri Lanka to assess the problem and look at areas of assistance.
Work closely with India to see if there are areas where the United States can complement its efforts. Is this an area where the Quad (United States/India/Japan/Australia) or the newly created I2U2 (Israel/India/United States/UAE) can play a productive role?
Create a group of Colombo-based embassies (ideally, including China) to work with all elements of the political and ethnic spectrum in Sri Lanka to make clear the international community will support an interim all-party government that eschews corruption and is willing to take tough decisions to get the country back on track.
Push hard for transparency. Encourage Sri Lanka’s rich reservoir of educated and nonpartisan talent to get involved in governance. Be transparent and unapologetic with the conspiracy-minded Colombo press about what this multinational “Friends of Sri Lanka” group is trying to accomplish.
None of this assures a good outcome in the near term. Sri Lanka faces the prospects of years of privation and scarcity. But it has strengths as well—an educated workforce, a social safety net, and a long history of democratic governance. The international community needs to help Sri Lanka build on those strengths and try to prevent another descent into self-destructive violence that would threaten the country’s future for the long term.
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