Vijaya Ramachandran
When the United Nations climate summit convenes in Glasgow, Scotland, in just a few weeks, rich countries will once again pressure India to speed up its energy transition. India is the world’s third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases, and its use of fossil fuels is still rapidly growing as it continues to industrialize and raise its standard of living. Because India is so dependent on carbon-based fuels—especially coal—and has understandably little interest in curtailing its own development, it has been a notable holdout in the current global climate negotiations, including an agreement to phase out coal consumption and end the financing of coal plants. India skipped the pre-summit ministerial meeting in London, the only one of 51 invited countries to do so. And while Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi will attend the Glasgow summit, New Delhi risks once again being painted as an obstacle to the global fight against climate change.
Yet those who point to India as a climate boogeyman—mainly policymakers, activists, and journalists in the developed world—are holding it to an unfair standard they would never apply to themselves. Yes, we all know that burning coal is bad for the environment, not to mention the health of coal workers and local communities. But it is not fair to ask a developing country like India to bear the costs of an exit from a carbon-based economy without developed countries making significant emissions reductions first—which they are demonstrably not doing. What’s more, weaning India off coal too fast would come with terrible human costs that cannot be ignored.
It’s a truism but bears repeating: One of the main reasons Indians are still poor is that they don’t have enough access to energy. Modern energy services such as reliable electricity, clean cooking fuels, and mechanical power are critical for lifting people out of poverty, ending malnutrition, improving health and education outcomes, and raising productivity in agriculture and industry. The Indian government’s Economic Survey shows that Indian states where more schools have access to electricity have higher rates of literacy. When health care facilities have a reliable supply of electricity, fewer patients and babies die. The need to lift more Indians out of poverty is once again acute: The Pew Research Center estimates that the economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic pushed 75 million Indians into poverty, nearly doubling the number of people who live on less than $2 per day.
India’s annual per capita electricity consumption is only 972 kilowatt-hours—a mere 8 percent of Americans’ and 14 percent of Germans’ consumption. While most Indian households are hooked up to the electricity grid, power is often unreliable. Many poor Indians only recently switched from cooking with wood or dung to bottled cooking gas—a drastically cleaner fuel that has saved countless lives from indoor air pollution all across the developing world.
To lift millions of people out of poverty, India needs energy—and lots of it. The International Energy Agency predicts that between now and 2040, the country will have the largest growth in energy demand of any country in the world. To meet this demand, India will need to rely on a variety of energy sources—both conventional and renewable. While India has made remarkable strides in developing wind and solar power, coal remains the bedrock of its energy supply, powering 75 percent of electricity generation. The current coal shortage—coal-fired power stations are down to an average of only four days’ worth of stock—is expected to cause significant power outages.
In 2020, India was the world’s second-largest producer and consumer of coal. State-owned Coal India is the largest coal miner in the world, producing approximately 600 million tons of coal a year. The country has an estimated 100 billion tons of coal reserves.
Beyond providing desperately needed energy, coal is also a vital source of jobs and economic growth and a driver of industrialization, just as it was in developed countries. Around 4 million Indians are employed either directly or indirectly in the coal sector. Consider Coal India: It employs some 300,000 people across 84 mining complexes in eight Indian states. Other than active workers, another 500,000 Indians rely on the coal sector for their pensions. Evidence from rich countries shows how costly it can be to transition to green power. In the United States, closing coal mines has created mass unemployment and devastated local communities. Promises that workers would be transferred to green jobs—which are often less secure and worse paid than those in coal—have rarely been kept.
The importance of coal to communities can be hard to grasp for Westerners eager to wish the fuel away overnight. Almost 40 percent of India’s 736 districts have some form of coal dependency. Some are home to workers and pensioners. Others collect funds from the District Mineral Foundation, a benefit-sharing mechanism for mining communities. Several are beneficiaries of corporate social responsibility programs, where part of the revenues from coal is spent on health, education, and public services.
U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres has called for developed countries to be the first to phase out coal, not countries like India. They might listen to him instead of giving themselves maximum flexibility when transitioning to renewables. In Europe, for example, countries have set their own timelines to exit from fossil fuels, coal and otherwise. In June, European Union energy ministers decided to prolong support for some natural gas projects. Two bills passed in the U.S. Congress in recent years—the European Energy Security and Diversification Act and the Eastern Mediterranean Security and Energy Partnership Act—are promoting new supplies of gas to Europe. In the face of rising oil prices, the Biden administration has been exhorting OPEC to pump more oil.
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