Safer at Sea? Pakistan’s Sea-Based Deterrent and Nuclear Weapons Security

Christopher Clary and Ankit Panda 

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Its January 2017 and March 2018 missile tests demonstrate Pakistan’s commitment to develop sea-based nuclear weapons in the coming decade. While some argue this could enhance deterrence, it may increase the dangers of higher readiness and unauthorized use; the risks of inadvertent escalation, preemption, and crisis stability; and the threat of theft or sabotage.