BY KEVIN MANEY
Next time you stop for gas at a self-serve pump, say hello to the robot in front of you. Its life story can tell you a lot about the robot economy roaring toward us like an EF5 tornado on the prairie.
Yeah, your automated gas pump killed a lot of jobs over the years, but its biography might give you hope that the coming wave of automation driven by artificial intelligence (AI) will turn out better for almost all of us than a lot of people seem to think.
The first crude version of an automated gas-delivering robot appeared in 1964 at a station in Westminster, Colorado. Short Stop convenience store owner John Roscoe bought an electric box that let a clerk inside activate any of the pumps outside. Self-serve pumps didn’t catch on until the 1970s, when pump-makers added automation that let customers pay at the pump, and over the next 30 years, stations across the nation installed these task-specific robots and fired attendants. By the 2000s, the gas attendant job had all but disappeared. (Two states, New Jersey and Oregon, protect full-service gas by law.)
That’s hundreds of thousands of jobs vaporized—there are now 168,000 gas stations in the U.S. The loss of those jobs was undoubtedly devastating for the individuals who had them, but the broader impact has been pretty positive for the rest of us.
As has happened throughout the history of automation, some jobs got destroyed by automated gas pumps, but new and often better jobs were created. Attendants went away, but to make the sophisticated pumps, companies like Wayne Fueling Systems in Texas, Bennett Pump Co. in Michigan and Gilbarco Veeder-Root in North Carolina hired software coders, engineers, sales staff and project managers. Station owners took their extra profits and turned their stations into mini-marts, which needed clerks, and built more gas stations, which needed more pumps from Wayne, Bennett or Gilbarco, and those companies then hired more people.
Consumers spent less money on gas because they weren’t paying for someone else to pump it. That left them more money for iPhones or fish tacos ordered on Seamless, creating more new kinds of employment.
The automated gas pump killed a lot of (bad) jobs and created many new jobs for more skilled workers. TAIT SIMPSON/GALLERY STOCK
A generation of gas station attendants got smoked, but the automation sent some clear signals that relying on such unskilled jobs isn’t a great career plan. Those signals led to more parents encouraging their kids to go to college. In 1970, 14 percent of men held four-year college degrees, and 8 percent of women did. By 2015, that was up to 32 percent of men and women. So over time, we took hundreds of thousands of people out of the pool of those who might want a gas station attendant job and pushed them up, toward the professional job market, adding a lot of value to society and their wallets. While technology is partly responsible for years of middle-class wage stagnation, it has mostly hurt the less educated and helped the more educated.
Economists have shown time and again that automation helps overall standards of living rise, literacy rates improve, average life span lengthen and crime rates fall. After waves of automation—the Industrial Revolution, mechanization, computerization—we’re way better off in almost every way. As Matt Ridley details in his book The Rational Optimist, in 1900, the average American spent $76 out of every $100 on food, clothing and shelter; today, he or she spends $37. To buy a Model T in 1908 took about 4,700 hours of work; today, the average person has to work about 1,000 hours to buy a car that’s a thousand times better than a Model T. The United Nations estimates that poverty was reduced more in the past 50 years than in the previous 500. If progress has been less kind to the lower end of the workforce, it still helps that segment live better than before, at least by making products more affordable and better at the same time.
And now, even with software automating all kinds of work, there are signs that the technology is creating more jobs than it destroys. U.S. census data released in September showed the largest annual drop in poverty since 1999. Nearly 3 million jobs were created from 2014 to 2015. Donald Trump won the presidential election by promising to bring jobs “back” to America—a promise believed by many who feel left behind by technology-driven shifts. Yet all evidence suggests that the jobs lie ahead, created by moving forward.
It’s hard to see how anyone could argue that we’d be better off today if Roscoe had never installed his automated device.
Rage and Impotence
This is the scary part of the story.
The world’s top tech companies are in a race to build the best AI and capture that massive market, which means the technology will get better fast—and come at us as fast. IBM is investing $1 billion in its Watson; Amazon is banking on Alexa; Apple has Siri. Google, Facebook and Microsoft are devoting their research labs to AI and robotics. In September, Salesforce.com announced it’s adding AI, called Einstein, to its business software. Its value, CEO Marc Benioff said at the launch, will be in “helping people do the things that people are good at and turning more things over to machines.”
AI will lead us into the mother of all tech revolutions. The last time anything came close was around 1900, when the automobile, telecommunications, the airplane and mass electrification all came together at once, radically changing the world from the late 1800s to the 1920s. Such times are particularly frightening. “A society that had established countless routines and habits, norms and regulations, to fit the conditions of the previous revolution, does not find it easy to assimilate the new one,” wrote economist Carlota Perez in Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital, her classic book. “A sense of impotence and frustration accumulates and a growing incongruence is experienced between the new and the old paradigm.”
That’s what we’re feeling today as a panoply of powerful technologies come crashing together. AI is the most important, the “ur-force,” as tech philosopher Kevin Kellycalls it. Emerging right along with AI are robotics, virtual reality, blockchain, 3-D printing and other wonders. Each would be huge by itself. Together, they will swirl into that roaring EF5 tornado, blowing down the industries and institutions in its path.
We’ve networked the entire world, put computing devices in the hands of 3 billion individuals and created the largest pool in history of educated people working in economies that encourage innovation. Over the past decade, we’ve built a global computing cloud and moved our shopping, friendships, work, entertainment and much else about life online. In this hyper-connected global market, waves of automation can get invented and deployed warp-speed faster than at any time before.
The speed will be difficult to handle. New inventions usually permeate society only when people are ready for them. In research my co-authors and I did for our book Play Bigger, we found that the ideal time for a tech startup to go public is when it is between six and 10 years old. After searching for a reason, we concluded that even in today’s whiz-bang tech environment, it takes at least six years for a strange new business idea (think streaming music in 2006, when Spotify was founded) to catch fire. Most people’s brains can’t adjust any faster.
Today’s AI-driven revolution is coming so fast that we have trouble even imagining how it will turn out. Jeff Hawkins, founder of AI and brain research company Numenta (and inventor of the Palm Pilot), tells me that AI today is at a point similar to computing in the early 1950s, when pioneers first laid down the basic ideas of electronic computers. Less than 20 years later, computers made possible airline reservation systems and bank ATMs and helped NASA put men on the moon—outcomes no one could have foreseen from the early ’50s. Guessing the impact of AI and robots in a decade or two is proving even harder.
“Twenty years from now, this technology will be one of the major drivers of innovation and technology, if not the major one,” Hawkins says. “But you want specific predictions? It’s impossible.”
The Unemployment Line Starts Here
Truck driver is the most common job in the world—3.5 million of them in the U.S. alone. Over the summer, the Dutch government ran a successful test of driverless trucks crossing Europe. Uber recently paid $680 million to buy Otto, a startup working on auto-drive trucks and founded by former Google AI specialists. Consulting company McKinsey has predicted that within eight years, one-third of all trucks on the road will drive themselves. In maybe 15 years, truck driver will, like gas station attendant, be an anachronism.
Uber invested in Otto not just to operate trucks but because Uber wants to run fleets of self-driving cars. In September, it began testing such a fleet in Pittsburgh. Canada’s postal service wants to send drones instead of vans to deliver rural mail. Millions of driver jobs of all kinds could swirl down AI’s drain before Trump finishes his four-year term.
In the future, robots won't just build cars, they'll also drive them, replacing human jobs by taking over taxis, semi trucks and trains.SIMON PETER HENRY/GALLERY STOCK
Within maybe five years, AI will be better than humans at diagnosing medical images and better than legal assistants at researching case law, Surya Ganguli, a leading AI scientist at Stanford University, tells me. Hawkins says we will eventually make machines that are great mathematicians. “Mathematicians try to figure out proofs and mathematical structure and see elegance in high-dimensional spaces in their heads,” he says. “That’s not a ‘human’ thing. You can build an intelligent machine that is designed for that. It actually lives in a mathematical space, and its native behaviors are mathematical behaviors. And it can run a million times faster than a human and never get tired. It can be designed to be a brilliant mathematician.”
If you do something predictable and rote, then sometime in the next 10 years you’ll probably feel like a gas pump jockey, circa 1980. One by one, companies will eliminate or marginalize your work. It will happen to the least educated first and fastest, hitting drivers, waiters, factory workers and office administrators.
Then the robotization of work will eat into more knowledge-based jobs. Low-level accounting will get eaten by software. So will basic writing: Bloomberg already uses AI to write company earnings reports. Robots today can be better stock traders than humans. It won’t be long before you’ll be able to contact an AI doctor via your smartphone, talk to it about your symptoms, use your camera to show it anything it wants to see and get a triage diagnosis that tells you to either take a couple of Advil or get to a specialist.
Versions of AI have been around for decades. Google’s search engine is so accurate because it is built on AI and learns from billions of searches. AI is how Facebook directs items you most likely want to see to your news feed. But for AI to be powerful enough to drive a truck or diagnose patients, it needs a few things that are just now exploding onto the scene. One is enormous amounts of data. Now that we do so many things online, every action gets recorded and stored, adding valuable data that can fuel AI. The Internet of Things is putting sensors on people, in cars, in nature. To analyze that data and feed it into AI software takes enormous computing power, which has now become available and affordable to even a tiny garage startup through cloud companies like Amazon Web Services.
Put it all together, and we’ll soon be at a point when AI can get built to do almost anything, including, possibly, your job.
That realization has set off a panic that is going viral faster than the latest Kim Kardashian butt photo. A research paper from Oxford University proclaimed that machines will take over nearly half of all work done by humans. Some technologists have said 90 percent of the population will end up out of work. There are smart, seemingly rational people who believe the U.S. should institute a “guaranteed basic income” so that the masses who won’t be able to find work can avoid depredation. In September, to help soothe the public and forestall intervention from government, most of the giants in AI formed a group called the Partnership on AI. “We passionately believe in the potential for [AI] to transform in a positive way our world,” Google’s Mustafa Suleyman said, Yoda-like, at the time.
“The concern is not that robots will take human jobs and render humans unemployable,” Jason Furman, chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, said in a recent talk. The worry is that the speed of AI’s encroachment on jobs “could lead to sustained periods of time with a large fraction of people not working.”
President Barack Obama recently weighed in about AI. “If properly harnessed, it can generate enormous prosperity and opportunity,” he said as guest editor of Wired. “But it also has some downsides that we’re gonna have to figure out in terms of not eliminating jobs. It could increase inequality. It could suppress wages.”
In the long run, we’ll find equilibrium. But the transition in the short term will suck for a lot of people you know. And maybe for you.
Humanoid robot bartender "Carl" fills a cocktail glass with spirits to prepare a drink for a guest at the Robots Bar and Lounge in the eastern German town of Ilmenau, July 26, 2013. An Oxford University research paper estimates that half of all work done by humans can be done better, faster and cheaper by robots. FABRIZIO BENSCH/REUTERS
How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love AI
And yet, there’s a happily ever after in here. Somewhere.
I talked recently with Ryan Detert, who started a company called Influential, which is built on AI from IBM’s Watson. The AI scours social media to find “influencers” who have a large number of followers and analyzes the online personality of those individuals. Then the company can work with brands—Kia and Corona are among its clients—to find influencers who match the traits of their target audiences. The brands then pay the influencers to tout the products. This is creating an entirely new job of brand influencer, not to mention new kinds of jobs at Influential and companies like it.
Over and over again, the robot economy will invent work we can’t even dream of today, much as the internet gave birth to unforeseen careers. Nobody’s grandmother was a search engine optimization specialist. Today, that job pays pretty well.
Along the way, AI will also help people learn how to prosper in the age of AI. Sal Khanstarted Khan Academy by developing online tutorial videos for math and science students. In its next phase, the organization is deploying AI in its lessons. The AI gets to know the student and understand how the person is learning so it can go over old material or add more challenging stuff. Khan’s vision includes helping masses of people continually learn new skills that will make them more relevant in fast-changing job markets.
AI will be better than anything today at helping you find whatever new jobs it creates. AI will power software that gets to know you, your skills and your desires and will constantly monitor job openings and freelance opportunities all over the planet for you. The U.S. Department of Labor says there are about 8 million unemployed people and 4.5 million open jobs. An AI matching system can bring those numbers down dramatically by making sure more people find work.
Successful people in the AI age will focus on work that takes advantage of unique human strengths, like social interaction, creative thinking, decision-making with complex inputs, empathy and questioning. AI cannot think about data it doesn’t have. It predicts what you want to see on Facebook based on what you’ve already liked. It can’t predict that you might like something that’s entirely different. Only humans can think that way. As Kelly says, the most valuable people in an age of push-button answers will be the people who ask the most interesting questions.
AI’s proponents say it will collaborate with us, not compete against us. AI software in a conference room could listen to the conversation in a business meeting while constantly searching the internet for information that might be relevant, then serve it up when asked. “It can bring in knowledge of the outside world that the humans might not be aware of,” says Ganguli, and that means the humans can make better decisions.
About a year ago, I saw cancer researcher M. Soledad Cepeda give a talk about AI in her work. She said AI software can analyze in two seconds the amount of data and text that a research assistant would need two weeks to plow through. That frees up the assistants to do more thoughtful work and speeds up the scientists’ search for cures.
In that way, by acting as our collaborator, AI will give us a chance at cracking our most pressing problems. It promises to help us end cancer, ease climate change, manage bursting cities and get our species to Mars. Of course, we don’t know if we’ll succeed at any of that, but one certainty is that we can’t do it without AI. So if you’re still standing at that gas pump filling your tank, here’s what the robot, based on its decades of experience, will tell you about the new robot economy: The one thing worse for the human race than developing AI would be stopping the development of AI.
If this is a fairy tale about work and jobs, AI is both the bad witch and good witch—destroyer and creator. In such stories, good almost always wins. But in the middle of the story, the characters don’t know that. And that’s where we are now: face to face with the monster for the first time, doing everything we can to get through the scary forest alive.
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